A Study of Five Terrorist Groups: The Action Directe, the North Korean Communist Group, the Islamic Jamiat-i-Talaba, the Dashmesh Regiment, and the Red Army Fraction/Baader Meinhof Group
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This is a 30 page paper studying five terrorist groups: their history, ideology, acts of terrorism and current status. The study of five terrorist groups, the Action Directe (AD), the North Korean Communist Group, the Islamic Jamiat-i-Talaba (IJT), the Dashmesh Regiment, and the Red Army Fraction (RAF) shows the extent extremists will go to further their causes in both the domestic and international arena. The Action Directe (AD) in France and the Red Army Fraction (RAF) in Germany were mostly active in the 1970s and 1980s when many of their leading members were imprisoned. Although not directly linked with any recent terrorist actions, the members of the AD and RAF are still actively associated with radical or political groups today. The North Korean Communist Group is considered one of the most viable terrorist threats of today as they are large, well-funded, still torture political prisoners and are believed to still manufacture nuclear, chemical and biological weaponry contrary to international agreements. The Islamic Jamiat-i-Talaba (IJT) as the student based affiliated of the political party Jamiat-i-Islami (JI) in Pakistan wish for the education of Islamic youth and for the formation of an Islamic state free of all Western deviant and capitalist influences and continue violent protests to promote this ideal. The recent war on terrorism against the Taliban in Afghanistan has led the IJT to believe that the increase in martyrs for their cause will only increase their recruitment for their group. Finally, the Dashmesh Regiment or 10th Regiment in Pakistan and India wish for a separate Sikh state called Khalistan which is currently on land in India. They have formed alliances with other national and international terrorist groups with the intent of getting their cause well known and have been responsible for several international acts of terrorism. Although their group was diminished when the Indian forces captured many of their leaders, international Sikh supported organizations have been formed in their place to continue their cause. Bibliography lists 18 sources.
Filename: TJterro1.rtf
Essay Title: A Study of Five Terrorist Groups: The Action Directe, the North Korean Communist Group, the Islamic Jamiat-i-Talaba, the Dashmesh Regiment, and the Red Army Fraction/Baader Meinhof Group

A Study of Gulru Necipoglu’s Article “The Life of an Imperial Monument: Hagia Sophia after Byzantium”: Summary and Critique
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This is a 10 page paper discussing Gulru Necipoglu’s article “The Life of an Imperial Monument: Hagia Sophia after Byzantium”. Gulru Necipoglu’s article “The Life of an Imperial Monument: Hagia Sophia after Byzantium” highlights many of the cultural and historical aspects of Hagia Sophia since Mehmed II’s conquest of Constantinople in 1453. Necipoglu comments that her purpose for the article is to fill in many of the details which have been missed in other works relating to the transition Hagia Sophia has undergone within its last 451 years. While Necipoglu does have a great deal of professional knowledge in the field of architecture and especially that within the Islamic world, Necipoglu’s article actually emphasizes the cultural and religious significance and changes within Hagia Sophia and of the architectural changes which accompany these transitions. Her emphasis is on the cultural and religious flexibility of Hagia Sophia and not only how it accommodated the transition from being The Great Church in Christianity to becoming the great Ayasofya mosque in the Muslim world but also she reveals many of the myths which were created in order to support its growing importance in the Islamic world. While it may seem that a great many of the historical and architectural details are absent from Necipoglu’s article which preceded Byzantium, the article appears within a larger text on Hagia Sophia and its placement near the end provides a good contextual finish to the text of a monument which has undergone a great deal of architectural, cultural and religious renovation and change. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: TJNecip1.rtf
Essay Title: A Study of Gulru Necipoglu’s Article “The Life of an Imperial Monument: Hagia Sophia after Byzantium”: Summary and Critique

Abu Nadel: Trigger or Tiger
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(16pp)The murderous violence practiced by Abu-Nidal’s organization. Fath - The Revolutionary Council - is guided by a specific ideology and world view. Consequently, according to the organization itself, its operational activity need not obscure the fact that its actions are intended to serve an idea, and indeed that its origins and subsequent development lie in an ideological dispute between Abu-Nidal and the Fath establishment. It is all easy and good to say that these terrorist acts are done in the support of an ideal. Yet we need to ask ourselves, whose ideal and to what end. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: BBAbuN.rtf
Essay Title: Abu Nadel: Trigger or Tiger

Afkhami's Faith and Freedom
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This 4 page paper provides a book review as this anthology is examined. How Muslim women are viewed by the world is the focus of this paper. No additional sources cited.
Filename: SA543Mus.rtf
Essay Title: Afkhami's Faith and Freedom

Ahmed Rashid's "Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia"
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5 pages in length. Key to Rashid's (2001) paragraph at the close of book is its dogged assertion that if left unaddressed, the situation as it existed in 2000 would continue to escalate global tensions and create an even greater domino effect as an inherent consequence. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: TLCTaliban.rtf
Essay Title: Ahmed Rashid's "Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia"

Al-Qaida Terrorist Group
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A 5 page paper which examines the structure of the Al-Qaida terrorist group. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: RAalqaid.rtf
Essay Title: Al-Qaida Terrorist Group

AMERICAN ATTITUDE TOWARD THE MIDDLE EAST
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This paper attempts to examine available literature referring to the attitude of the United States toward the Middle East and Middle Easterners, particularly in the wake of the 2001 terrorist attack of the World Trade Center and Pentagon. The information was collected to help determine an appropriate survey to explore the attitudes of Americans. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: MTmidatt.rtf
Essay Title: AMERICAN ATTITUDE TOWARD THE MIDDLE EAST