“The Apache wars”
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A twelve page paper which looks at the origins and progress of the wars between the Apache Indians and the Americans during the nineteenth century, with reference to the different strategies which were employed by both sides, the role played by Apache leaders such as Geronimo, the importance of Apache scouts to the American troops and the eventual outcome of the conflict in terms of the cultural development of the Indian nations. Bibliography lists 13 sources.
Filename: JLApache.rtf
Essay Title: “The Apache wars”

“The Battle of Saratoga”
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A twenty five page paper which looks at the strategies involved in the Battle of Saratoga of 1777, and the events which led up to this turning-point in the War of Independence. The paper considers such factors as the difficulties which the British commanders found in implementing their military tactics, the problems which arose as a result of poor communication in the field, the importance of intelligence and counter-intelligence in several of the American victories prior to Saratoga and the part that the murder of Jane McCrea played in motivating the colonists outside of the New England region into joining the conflict. Bibliography lists 9 sources
Filename: JLSaratoga.wps
Essay Title: “The Battle of Saratoga”

“The seasoning process as applied to African slaves”
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A five page paper which looks at the acculturation process known as seasoning by which African captives were psychologically subjugated in order to ensure their cultural dislocation and their acceptance of the slave system, and the effect this had both on the African nations of the time and the later development of the Black American community. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: JLseason.rtf
Essay Title: “The seasoning process as applied to African slaves”

“The Underground Railroad”
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A seven page paper which looks at the network known as the Underground Railroad, which was instrumental in assisting plantation slaves to escape the North and Canada in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and at some of the prominent figures who contributed to the development and maintenance of the Railroad. Bibliography lists 6 sources
Filename: JLRail.rtf
Essay Title: “The Underground Railroad”

“W. Smith’s perceptions of Indian and White Culture in the 1700s”
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A twenty page paper which looks at an excerpt from Smith’s ‘Historical Account of the Expedition against the Ohio Indians’ and analyses his commentary with reference to the cultural and religious practices of the Native population in relation to that of the white settlers, his assumption of superior civilisation on the part of the whites and the way in which similar attitudes can also be seen in other multi-cultural situations such as the relationship between the English and the Irish and the constraints of the slave-owning plantation society. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JLSmith.rtf
Essay Title: “W. Smith’s perceptions of Indian and White Culture in the 1700s”

"Common Sense" by Thomas Paine
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This 3 page paper answers some specific questions about Thomas Paine's pamphlet "Common Sense." Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: HVPaine.rtf
Essay Title: "Common Sense" by Thomas Paine

"Declaring Rights"
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This 5 page paper discusses some of the disagreements between the Federalists and anti-Federalists revealed in the documents of the time. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: HVDecRts.rtf
Essay Title: "Declaring Rights"